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Muon Spin Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications in Chemistry and Materials Science

Fleming, D.G., McKenzie I., Percival, P.W.

Muon Spin Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications in Chemistry and Materials Science delivers a robust and practical discussion of the areas in muon spin spectroscopy most relevant to chemistry and materials science. In this text readers will find the background details of muonium chemistry, as well as descriptions of applications in a variety of topics of varying complexity, from chemical reactivity in the gas phase to condensed matter and biological systems.

The text covers material ranging from the historical background to recent technological and theoretical developments in the field. Readers will also find:

Ideal for practicing spectroscopists, physical chemists, and surface chemists, Muon Spin Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications in Chemistry and Materials Science will also benefit students of materials science and chemistry.

  1. McKenzie I.; Karner, V.L. and Scheuermann, R. (2024) Analysis of avoided level crossing muon spin resonance spectra of muoniated radicals in anisotropic environments: Estimation of muon dipolar hyperfine parameters for Lorentzian-like Δ1 resonances. Quantum Beam Science, 8, 15 https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8020015
  2. Akama, H.; Kojima, K.M.; McKenzie I. and Ito, S. (2024) Producing conventional and transient amino(mercapto)methyl radicals by addition of muonium to a crystalline thioformamide (Mes*NHCH=S). ChemPhysChem, 25, e202300980 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202300980
  3. Konagaya, K.; Huang, Y.; Iwami, K.; Fujino, T.; Abe, R.; Parchment-Morrison, R.; Kojima, K.M.; McKenzie I. and Ito, S. (2023) Difluoromethylborates and muonium for study of isonitrile insertion affording phenanthridines via imidoyl radicals. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 88, 8042-8054 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.3c00056
  4. Ito, S.; Akama, H.; Kojima, K.M., McKenzie I., Kuwahata K. and Tachikawa M. (2023) Muon spin rotation (μSR) for characterizing radical addition to C=S in the xanthene-9-thione and thioxanthene-9-thione. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 96, 461-464 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20230081
  5. McKenzie I. and Percival P.W. (2023) Structure of muoniated trimethylsilylvinyl radicals. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2462, 012052 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2462/1/012052
  6. MacFarlane W.A., Shenton J.K., Salman Z., Chatzichristos A., Cortie D.L., Dehn M., Fujimoto D., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Koumoulis D., Levy C.D.P., McFadden, R.M.L., McKenzie I., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Stachura M. and Ticknor J.O. (2023) The site and high field βNMR properties of 8Li+ implanted in α-Al2O3. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2462, 012009 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2462/1/012009
  7. Fujimoto D., Brazil O., Oliver W.C., Jadidi M.F., A Sinnott A., McKenzie I., Chatzichristos A., Dehn M.H., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., Li R., McFadden R.M.L., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Stachura M., Ticknor J.O., MacFarlane W.A. and Cross G.L.W. (2023) 8Li spin relaxation as a probe of the modification of molecular dynamics by inelastic deformation of glassy polystyrene. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2462, 012053 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2462/1/012053
  8. MacFarlane W.A., Oudah M., McFadden R.M.L., Huang D., Chatzichristos A.C., Fujimoto D., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., Li R., McKenzie I., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Stachura M., Ticknor J.O., Thoeng E., Nakamura H. and Takagi H. (2023) 8Li βNMR studies of epitaxial thin films of the 3D topological Dirac semimetal Sr3SnO. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2462, 012057 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2462/1/012057
  9. McKenzie I., Cannon J., Cordoni-Jordan D., Mulley B.P. and Scheuermann R. (2022) Paramagnetic probes in an organic semiconductor: μSR and DFT calculations of the Mu adducts of Alq3 and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Journal of Chemical Physics, 157, 0647023 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105200
  10. Adelman J. R., Fujimoto D., Dehn M.H., Dunsiger S.R., Karner V.L., Levy C.D.P., Li R., McKenzie I., McFadden R.M.L., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Stachura M., Thoeng E., Ticknor J.O., Ohashi N., Kojima K.M. and MacFarlane W.A. (2022) Nuclear magnetic resonance of ion implanted 8Li in ZnO. Physical Review B, 106, 035205 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.106.035205
  11. McFadden R.M.L., Szunyogh D., Bravo-Frank N., Chatzichristos A., Dehn M.H., Fujimoto D., Jancsó A., Johannsen S., Kálomista I., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Larsen F.H., Lassen J., Levy C.D.P., Li R., McKenzie I., McPhee H., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Sauer S.P.A., Sigel R.K.O., Thulstrup P.W., MacFarlane W.A., Hemmingsen L. and Stachura M. (2022) MgII-ATP complexes in EMIM-Ac solutions characterized by 31Mg β-radiation detected NMR. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61, e202207137 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202207137
  12. Hillier A.D., Blundell S.J., McKenzie I., Umegaki I., Shu L., Wright J.A., Prokscha T., Bert F., Shimomura K., Berlie A., Alberto H. and Watanabe I. (2022) Muon spin spectroscopy. Nature Reviews Methods Primers, 2, 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00089-0
  13. McKenzie I., Fujimoto D., Karner V.L., Li R., MacFarlane W.A., McFadden R.M.L., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Raegen A.N., Stachura M., Ticknor J.O. and Forrest J.A. (2022) A βNMR study of the depth, temperature and molecular-weight dependence of secondary dynamics in polystyrene. Entropy-enthalpy compensation and dynamic gradients near the free surface. Journal of Chemical Physics, 156, 084903 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0081185
  14. Komatsu Y., Shimizu R., Sato R., Wilde M., Nishio K., Katase T., Matsumura D., Saitoh H., Miyauchi M., Adelman J., McFadden R., Fujimoto D., Ticknor J., Stachura M., McKenzie I., Morris G., MacFarlane W.A., Sugiyama J., Fukutani K., Tsuneyuki S. and Hitosugi T. (2022) Repeatable photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition in yttrium oxyhydride epitaxial thin films. Chemistry of Materials, 34, 3616-3623 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03450
  15. Ito S., Akama H., Ueta Y., McKenzie I. and Kojima K.M. (2022) Muonium addition to the radicalic carbon in 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 94, 2970-2972 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20210352
  16. Scheuermann R. and McKenzie I. (2022) On the observation of photo-excitation effects in molecules using muon spin spectroscopy. Nature Materials, 21, 1108-1109 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01002-6
  17. McKenzie I. (2021) Chemistry in 'Muon spectroscopy: An introduction', editors Blundell S. J., de Renzi R., Lancaster T., and Pratt F. L. Oxford University Press Chapter 12. https://www.musr.org/muon-spectroscopy-book
  18. McKenzie I., Scheuermann R., Tucker I. and Mulley B.P. (2021) Dynamics and local environment of an aromatic counterion bound to di-chain cationic surfactant bilayers studied by avoided level crossing muon spin resonance: evidence for counterion condensation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 23, 25542-25549 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP04575J (PCCP Hot Article)
  19. McKenzie I., Cannon J. and Cordoni-Jordan D. (2021) Characterization of muoniated spin probes in cholesterol by avoided level crossing muon spin resonance. Hyperfine Interactions, 242, 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-021-01740-8
  20. Koshino K., Kojima K.M., McKenzie I. and Ito S. (2021) Muonium addition to a peri-trifluoromethylated 9-phosphaanthracene producing a high-energy paramagnetic π-conjugated fused heterocycle. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 60, 24034 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109784
  21. McKenzie I., Cordoni-Jordan D., Cannon J. and Cottrell S.P. (2020) Dynamics of polystyrene probed by muon spin spectroscopy. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 33, 065102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abc4ca
  22. McFadden R.M.L., Chatzichristos A., Cortie D.L., Fujimoto D., Hor Y.S., Ji H., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., Li R., McKenzie I., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Stachura M., Cava R.J. and MacFarlane W.A. (2020) Local electronic and magnetic properties of the doped topological insulators Bi2Se3:Ca and Bi2Te3:Mn investigated using ion-implanted 8Li β-NMR. Physical Review B, 102, 235206. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.235206
  23. Mozafari M., Chandrasena L., McKenzie I., Samedov K. and Percival P.W. (2020) Investigation of H atom and free radical behaviour in clathrate hydrates of organic molecules. Radiation Chemistry and Physics. 168, 108532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108532
  24. McKenzie I. (2019) Hydrogen atom addition to nucleobases in the solid state: Characterization of the corresponding muoniated radicals using μSR. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 123, 4540-4549. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02930
  25. Fujimoto D., McFadden R.M.L., Dehn M.H., Petel Y., Chatzichristos A., Hemmingsen L., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., McKenzie I., Michal C.A., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Szunyogh D., Ticknor J.O., Stachura M. and MacFarlane W.A. (2019) β-detected NMR of 8Li+ in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Chemistry of Materials, 31, 9346-9353. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02864
  26. Chandrasena L., Samedov K., McKenzie I., Mozafari M., West R., Gates D.P. and Percival P.W. (2019) Free radical reactivity of a phosphaalkene explored through studies of radical isotopologues. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 58, 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201810967
  27. McFadden R.M.L., Chatzichristos A., Chow K.H., Cortie D.L., Dehn M.H., Fujimoto D., Hossain M.D., Ji H., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., Li R., McKenzie I., Morris G.D., Ofer O., Pearson M.R., Stachura M., Cava R.J. and MacFarlane W.A. (2019) Ionic and electronic properties of the topological insulator Bi2Te2Se investigated via β-detected nuclear magnetic relaxation and resonance of 8Li. Physical Review B 99, 125201. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.125201
  28. McKenzie I., Chai Y., Cortie D.L., Forrest J.A., Fujimoto D., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., MacFarlane W.A., McFadden R.M.L., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R. and Zhu S. (2018) Direct measurements of the temperature, depth and processing dependence of phenyl ring dynamics in polystyrene thin films by β-detected NMR. Soft Matter, 14, 7324-7334. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM00812D (Inside cover article)
  29. McKenzie I. (2018) Radical addition to ruthenocene at low temperatures: Characterization of ruthenocenyl radicals by μSR spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 96, 358-362. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0207
  30. Ito S., Ueta Y., Koshino K., Kojima K., McKenzie I. and Mikami K. (2018) Observation of a metastable P-heterocyclic radical by muonium addition to a 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57, 8608-8613. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201804306
  31. Karner V.L., Liu T., McKenzie I., Chatzichristos A., Cortie D.L., Morris G.D., Kiefl R.F., McFadden R.M.L., Fakhraai Z., Stachura M. and MacFarlane W.A. (2018) Exploring the dynamics of glasses using beta detected NMR. JPS Conference Proceedings, 21, 011022. https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.21.011022
  32. Mozafari M., Chandrasena L., McKenzie I., Samedov K. and Percival P.W. (2018) Characterization of free radicals in clathrate hydrates of pyrrole, thiophene, and isoxazole by muon spin spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 96, 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0313
  33. Szunyogh D., McFadden R.M.L., Karner V.L., Chatzichristos A., Day Goodacre T., Dehn M., Formenti L., Fujimoto D., Gottberg A., Kallenberg E., Kálomista I., Kiefl, R.F., Larsen F., Lassen J., Levy C.D.P., Li R., Macfarlane W.A., McKenzie I., Morris G.D., Pallada S., Pearson M.R., Sauer S., Schaffer P., Thulstrup P., Hemmingsen L. and Stachura M. (2018) Direct observation of Mg2+ complexes in ionic liquid solutions by 31Mg β-NMR spectroscopy. Inorganic Chemistry, 47, 14431-14435. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT02350F
  34. McKenzie I., Cortie D.L., Harada M., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., MacFarlane W.A., McFadden R.M.L., Morris G.D., Ogata S.-I., Pearson M.R. and Sugiyama J. (2017) β-NMR measurements of molecular-scale lithium-ion dynamics in poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium-salt thin films. Journal of Chemical Physics, 146, 244903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4989866
  35. McKenzie I. and Cottrell S.P. (2017) Microscopic muon dynamics in the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide). Physical Review E, 96, 012502. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.012502
  36. McKenzie I., Scheuermann R. and Tucker I.M. (2017) Partitioning of 2 phenylethanol and limonene cosurfactants in C12E4. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19, 9551-9557. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP00668C
  37. McKenzie I., Dilger H., Roduner E. and Scheuermann R. (2017) Comment on "Muon spin relaxation study of spin dynamics in poly(triarylamine)". Synthetic Metals, 234, 175-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.06.016
  38. McFadden R.M.L., Buck T.J., Chatzichristos A., Chen C.-C., Cortie D.L., Chow K.H., Dehn M.H., Karner V.L., Koumoulis D., Levy C.D.P., Li C., McKenzie I., Merkle R., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Salman Z., Samuelis D., Stachura M., Xiao J., Maier J., Kiefl R.F. and MacFarlane W.A. (2017) Microscopic dynamics of Li+ in Rutile TiO2 Revealed by 8Li β-detected NMR. Chemistry of Materials. 29, 0187-10197. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04093
  39. Cortie D.L., Buck T., Dehn M.H., Karner V.L., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., McFadden R.M.L., Morris G.D., McKenzie I., Pearson M.R., Wang X.L. and MacFarlane W.A. (2016) β-NMR investigation of the depth-dependent magnetic properties of an antiferromagnetic surface. Physical Review Letters, 116, 106103. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.106103
  40. McKenzie I., Daley C.R., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., MacFarlane W.A., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Wang D. and Forrest J.A. (2015) Enhanced high-frequency molecular dynamics in the near-surface region of polystyrene thin films observed with β-NMR. Soft Matter, 11, 1755-1761. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM02245A
  41. Brodovitch J.-C., Addison-Jones B., Ghandi K., McKenzie I. and Percival P.W. (2015) Proton, muon and 13C hyperfine coupling constants of C60X and C70X (X = H, Mu). Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP04899G
  42. Fleming D.G., Cottrell S.P., McKenzie I. and Ghandi K. (2015) Rate constant for the slow Mu + propane abstraction reaction at 300 K by diamagnetic RF resonance. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 19901-19910. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP02576A
  43. McKenzie I., Harada M., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., MacFarlane W.A., Morris G.D., Ogata S., Pearson M.R. and Sugiyama J. (2014) β-NMR measurements of lithium ion transport in thin films of pure and lithium-salt-doped poly(ethylene oxide). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136, 7833-7836. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja503066a (ACS Editors' Choice)
  44. McKenzie I. (2014) Muon spin spectroscopy of ferrocene: Characterization of muoniated ferrocenyl radicals. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16, 10600-10606. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP00618F
  45. McKenzie I., Salman Z., Giblin S.R., Han Y.Y., Leach G.W., Morenzoni E., Prokscha Th. and Suter A. (2014) Polymer dynamics near the surface and in the bulk of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) probed by zero field muon spin relaxation spectroscopy. Physical Review E, 89, 022605. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.89.022605
  46. McKenzie I. and Cottrell S.P. (2014) Molecular dynamics of transient radicals in solution probed by longitudinal-field muon spin relaxation. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 551, 012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/551/1/012041
  47. Chandrasena L., McKenzie I., Brodovitch J.-C., Mozafari M., Cottrell S.P. and Percival P.W. (2014) Investigating the compatibility of PEEK polymer for the fabrication of sample cells for use in muon spin spectroscopy. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 551, 012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/551/1/012038
  48. Dehn M.H., Arseneau D.J., Bridges M.D., Buck T., Cortie D.L., Cottrell S.P., Fleming D.G., Kelly J.A., MacFarlane W.A., MacLachlan M.J., Morris G.D., McKenzie I., Xiao J. and Kiefl R.F. (2014) Spin depolarization of muonium in mesoporous silica. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 551, 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/551/1/012006
  49. MacFarlane W.A., Tschense C.B.L., Buck T., Chow K.H., Cortie D.L., Hariwal A.N., Kiefl R.F., Koumoulis D., Levy C.D.P., McKenzie I., McGee F.H., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Song Q., Wang D., Hor Y.S. and Cava R.J. (2014) β-detected NMR of 8Li+ in Bi, Sb and the topological insulator Bi0.9Sb0.1. Physical Review B, 90, 214422. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.214422
  50. McGee F.H., McKenzie I., Buck T., Daley C.R., Forrest J.A., Harada M., Kiefl R.F., Levy C.D.P., Morris G.D., Pearson M.R., Sugiyama J., Wand D. and MacFarlane W.A. (2014) A brief survey of β-detected NMR of implanted 8Li+ in organic polymers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 551, 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/551/1/012039
  51. Xiao J., Arseneau D.J., Bridges M.D., Cortie D., Cottrell S.P., Dehn M., Fleming D.G., Kelly J., Kiefl R.F., MacFarlane W.A., MacLachlan M. and McKenzie I. (2014) Interaction of the Mu-cyclohexadienyl radical with metallic (Au, Pt) nanoparticles in mesoporous silica. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 551, 012044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/551/1/012044
  52. McKenzie I. (2013) The positive muon and μSR spectroscopy: powerful tools for investigating the structure and dynamics of free radicals and spin probes in complex systems. Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry, Section C (Physical Chemistry), 109, 65-112 (Invited review). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3PC90005C
  53. McKenzie I., Cammidge A.N., Gopee H., Dilger H., Scheuermann R., Stoykov A. and Jayasooriya U.A. (2013) Muoniated spin probes in the discotic liquid crystal HHTT: Rapid electron spin relaxation in the hexagonal columnar and isotropic phases. Physical Review E, 87, 012504. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.87.012504
  54. McKenzie I., Scheuermann R., Cottrell S.P., Lord J.S. and Tucker I.M. (2013) Hyperfine coupling constants of the cyclohexadienyl radical in benzene and dilute aqueous solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 117, 13614-13618. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp4068763
  55. Nuccio L., Willis M., Schultz L., Fratini S., Messina F., D'Amico M., Pratt F.L., Lord J.S., McKenzie I., Loth M., Purushothaman B., Anthony J., Heeney M., Wilson R.M., Hernandez I., Cannas M., Sedlak K., Kreouzis T., Gillin W.P., Bernhard C. and Drew A.J. (2013) Importance of spin-orbit interaction effects on the electron spin relaxation in organic semiconductors. Physical Review Letters, 110, 216602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.216602
  56. McKenzie I., Scheuermann R. and Sedlak K. (2012) How do strain and steric interactions affect the reactions of aromatic compounds with free radicals? Characterization of the radicals formed by muonium addition to para-xylene and [2.2]paracyclophane by DFT calculations and muon spin spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 116, 7765-7772. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp305610g
  57. McKenzie I., Scheuermann R., Sedlak K. and Stoykov A. (2012) Molecular dynamics in the rod-like liquid crystal 4-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile (PCH5) probed by muon spin resonance spectroscopy. Physics Procedia, 30, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.04.047
  58. Clayden N. J., Cottrell S.P. and McKenzie I. (2012) Spin evolution in a radio frequency field studied through muon spin resonance. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 214, 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2011.10.018
  59. Cox S.F.J., Lord J.S., McKenzie I., Adjizian J.-J., Jayasooriya U.A. and Reid I.D. (2012) Muonium in sulphur: μSR's oldest puzzle. Physics Procedia, 30, 82-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.04.045
  60. Fleming D.G., Cottrell S.P., McKenzie I. and Macrae R.M. (2012) New evidence for the formation of a muoniated radical in the Mu + Br2 system: a van der Waals complex or vibrational bonding in Br-Mu-Br? Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 14, 10953-10966. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CP41366C
  61. McKenzie I., Scheuermann R., Sedlak K. and Stoykov A. (2011) Molecular dynamics in rod-like liquid crystals probed by muon spin resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 115, 9360-9368. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp203006w
  62. McKenzie I. (2011) Spin relaxation of a short-lived free radical in zero magnetic field. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13, 1168-1173. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CP01216E
  63. Lord J.S., McKenzie I., Baker P.J., Blundell S.J., Cottrell S.P., Giblin S.R., Good J., Hillier A.D., Holsman B.H., King P.J.C., Lancaster T., Mitchell R., Nightingale J.B., Owczarkowski M., Poli S., Pratt F.L., Rhodes N.J., Scheuermann R. and Salman Z. (2011) Design and commissioning of a high magnetic field muon spin relaxation spectrometer at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source. Review of Scientific Instruments, 82, 073904. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3608114
  64. Sherren C.N., Mu C., Webb M.I., McKenzie I., McCollum B.M., Brodovitch J.-C., Percival P.W., Storr T., Seddon K.R., Clyburne J.A.C. and Walsby C.J. (2011) Merging the chemistry of electron-rich olefins with imidazolium ionic liquids: radicals and hydrogen-atom adducts. Chemical Science, 2, 2173-2177. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SC00408E
  65. Cox S.F.J., Lord J.S., McKenzie I., Adjizian J.-J., Heggie M.I., Jayasooriya, U.A., Grinter R. and Reid I.D. (2011) Muonium chemistry and spin dynamics in sulphur, modelling interstitial hydrogen. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 23, 315801. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/23/31/315801
  66. Schulz, L., Willis, M., Nuccio, L., Shusharov, P., Fratini, S., Pratt, F.L., Gillin, W.P., Kreouzis, T., Heeney, M., Stingelin, N., Stafford, C.A., Beesley, D.J., Bernhard, C., Anthony, J.E., McKenzie I., Lord, J.S. and Drew, A.J. (2011) The importance of intra-molecular spin relaxation in small molecular semiconductors. Physical Review B, 84, 085209. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.085209
  67. McKenzie I. (2010) DFT study of paramagnetic adducts of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium(III). Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 114, 12759-12763. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp107824p
  68. McKenzie I., Dilger H., Scheuermann R. and Stoykov A. (2010) Muon spin spectroscopy of the rod-like liquid crystal 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 225, 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/225/1/012034
  69. McKenzie I., Cammidge A.N., Dilger H., Gopee H., Scheuermann R., Stoykov A. and Jayasooriya U.A. (2010) Muon spin spectroscopy of the discotic liquid crystal HAT6. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 12, 9900-9908. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004161K
  70. King P.D.C., McKenzie I. and Veal T.D. (2010) Observation of shallow-donor muonium in Ga2O3. Applied Physics Letters, 96, 062110. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3309694
  71. McKenzie I., Dilger H., Stoykov A. and Scheuermann R. (2009) Muon spin spectroscopy of the nematic liquid crystal 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 10135-10142. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9025656
  72. McKenzie I. and Roduner E. (2009) Using polarized muons as ultrasensitive spin labels in free radical chemistry. Naturwissenschaften, 96, 873-887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-009-0538-5
  73. McKenzie I., Dilger H., Hess S., Scheuermann R., Stoykov A. and Roduner E. (2009) Azacyclohexadienyl radicals in pyridine and ZSM-5 silicalite. Physica B, 404, 638-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.118
  74. Dilger H., Hess S., Scheuermann R., Vujosevic D., McKenzie I. and Roduner E. (2009) Local ordering in quadrupolar liquids observed by the hyperfine couplings of the cyclohexadienyl radical. Physica B, 404, 927-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.218
  75. King P.D.C., Lichti R.L., Celebi Y.G., Gil J.M., Vilao R.C., Payne D.J., Egdell R.G., McKenzie I., McConville C.F., Cox S.F.J. and Veal T.D. (2009) Shallow donor state of hydrogen in In2O3 and SnO2: Implications for conductivity in transparent conducting oxides. Physical Review B, 80, 081201. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.081201
  76. Lancaster T., Pratt F.L., Blundell S.J., McKenzie I. and Assender H. (2009) Muon-fluorine entanglement in fluoropolymers. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 21, 346004. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/34/346004
  77. Salman Z., Baker P.J., Blundell S.J., Cottrell S.P., Giblin S.R., Hillier A D., Holsman B.H., King P.J.C., Lancaster T., Lord J.S., McKenzie I., Nightingale J., Pratt F.L. and Scheuermann R. (2009) HiFi-A new high field spectrometer at ISIS. Physica B, 404, 978-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.213
  78. McKenzie I., Dilger H., Roduner E., Scheuermann R. and Zimmermann U. (2008) Solvation of a hydrogen isotope in aqueous methanol, NaCl, and KCl solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112, 3070-3076. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0769882
  79. McKenzie I. and Roduner E. (2008) Muon spin spectroscopy of transient radicals in zeolites. 'Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis', editors Ertl G., Knözinger H., Schüth F., and Weitkamp J. Wiley-VCH Chapter 3.2.3.4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610044.hetcat0055
  80. McKenzie I., Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K. McCollum B.M., and Percival P.W. (2007) Hyperfine coupling in methyl radical isotopomers. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 111, 10625-10634. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0746190
  81. Martyniak A., Dilger H., McKenzie I., Scheuermann R., Lagerwall J., and Roduner E. (2007) Partitioning and reorientational dynamics of phenylalcohols in SDS lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases: An ALC-μSR study. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 309, 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.10.068
  82. Percival P.W., Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K., McCollum B.M. and McKenzie I. (2007) H atom kinetics in superheated water studied by muon spin spectroscopy. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 76; 1231-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.010
  83. Vujosevic D., Dilger H., McKenzie I., Martyniak A., Scheuermann R., and Roduner E. (2007) Local ordering in liquids: Solvent effects on the hyperfine coupling constant of the cyclohexadienyl radical. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp065488q
  84. McKenzie I., Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K., and Percival P. W. (2006) Muoniated acyl and thioacyl radicals. Physica B, 374-375, 299-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.078
  85. Martyniak A., Dilger H., Scheuermann R., Tucker I.M., McKenzie I., Vujosevic D., and Roduner E. (2006) Using spin polarised positive muons for studying guest molecule partitioning in soft matter structures. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 41, 4723-4740. https://doi.org/10.1039/B610414B
  86. Vujosevic D., Scheuermann R., Dilger H., Tucker I.M., Martyniak A., McKenzie I., and Roduner E. (2006) Solvent polarity effects on hyperfine couplings of cyclohexadienyl-type radicals. Physica B, 374-375, 295-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.077
  87. Dilger H., Martyniak A., Scheuermann R., Vujosevic D., Tucker I.M., McKenzie I., and Roduner E. (2006) An ALC study of spin exchange of a muoniated cosurfactant in lamellar phase surfactant dispersions. Physica B, 374-375, 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.085
  88. Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K., McKenzie I., Percival P.W., and Schüth J. (2006) Free radicals formed by H(Mu) addition to triphenylene and dodecahydrotriphenylene. Physica B, 374-375, 310-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.081
  89. Percival P.W., Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K., McCollum B.M., and McKenzie I. (2005) Organic free radicals in superheated water studied by muon spin spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 13714-13719. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0537070
  90. McKenzie I., Percival P.W. and Clyburne J.A.C. (2004) A computational study of the reactions of a β-diketiminatoaluminium (I) complex with the hydrogen atom and the electron. Chemical Communications, 1134-1136. https://doi.org/10.1039/B414665D
  91. Ramnial T., McKenzie I., Gorodetsky B., Tsang E. M. W. and Clyburne J.A.C. (2004) Reactions of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with one-electron oxidants: possible formation of a carbene cation radical. Chemical Communications, 1054-1055. https://doi.org/10.1039/B314110A
  92. McKenzie I., Brodovitch J.-C., Percival P.W., Ramnial T. and Clyburne J.A.C. (2003) The reactions of imidazol-2-ylidenes with the hydrogen atom: A theoretical study and experimental confirmation with muonium. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 11565-11570. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja028770t
  93. Ghandi K., Addison-Jones B., Brodovitch J.-C., McCollum B.M., McKenzie I. and Percival P.W. (2003) Enolization of acetone in superheated water detected via radical formation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 9594-9595. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja036377x
  94. Dickie D.A., Abeysekera D., McKenzie I.D., Jenkins H.A. and Clyburne J.A.C. (2003) Cyrstallographic studies on m-terphenyls: identification of weak [CH3···I] interactions. Crystal Engineering, 6, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-0184(03)00069-8
  95. Ramnial T., Jong H., McKenzie I.D., Jennings M., and Clyburne J.A.C. (2003) An imidazol-2-ylidene borane complex exhibiting inter-molecular [C-Hδ+···Hδ--B] dihydrogen bonds. Chemical Communications, 1722-1723. https://doi.org/10.1039/B301416A
  96. Ramnial T., Abernathy C.D., Spicer M.D., McKenzie I.D., Gay I.D. and Clyburne J.A.C. (2003) A monomeric imidazole-2-ylidene-silver(I) chloride complex: Synthesis, structure and solid state 109Ag and 13C CP/MAS NMR characterization. Inorganic Chemistry, 42, 1391-1393. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic0262381
  97. Brodovitch J.-C., Addison-Jones B., Ghandi K., McKenzie I., Percival P.W. and Schüth J. (2003) Free radicals formed by H(Mu) addition to fluoranthene. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 81, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1139/v02-191
  98. McKenzie I., Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K., Kecman S. and Percival P.W. (2003) Formation and spectroscopy of α-muoniated radicals. Physica B, 346, 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01580-6
  99. Ghandi K., Addison-Jones B., Brodovitch J.-C., McKenzie I., Kecman S. and Percival P.W. (2003) Muonium kinetics in sub- and supercritical water. Physica B, 346, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01572-7
  100. McKenzie I., Addison-Jones B., Brodovitch J.-C., Ghandi K., Kecman S. and Percival P. W. (2002) Detection of the muoniated methyl radical. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 106, 7083-7085. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp025923q
  101. McKenzie I., Addison-Jones B., Brodovitch J.-C. Ghandi K., Kecman S. and Percival P.W. (2001) Structure and dynamics of the Mu adduct of diketene. PhysChemComm, 27, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1039/B110704F
  102. Ghandi K., Addison-Jones B., Brodovitch J.-C., McKenzie I., Percival P.W. and Schüth J. (2001) Near-diffusion-controlled reactions of muonium in sub- and super-critical water. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 4, 586-595. https://doi.org/10.1039/B108656A
  103. Percival P.W., Ghandi K., Brodovitch J.-C., Addison-Jones B. and McKenzie I. (2000) Detection of muoniated organic free radicals in supercritical water. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2, 4717-4720. https://doi.org/10.1039/B005762M

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